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Supercomputers/Systems/Jaguar

USA · upgraded · hpc

Jaguar

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Also known as Cray XT5-HE

Operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility .

Researched with AI assistance, checked by scripts. These rows were researched by AI agents reading public operator, laboratory and vendor sources, appended by scripts and checked by automated validation; no subject-matter expert has reviewed them (how this site is made). A mechanical second-reader pass has since fetched every cited source: 1350 of 1581 systems have a readable citation that names them, and 64 are genuinely weakly sourced. Every claim carries its source and a confidence tier. Treat anything below verified as a lead, not a citation.

Measured performance

Rmax
1.76 PFlop/s
HPL measured
Rpeak
2.33 PFlop/s
Rmax ÷ Rpeak
75.5%
Cores
224,162
Power
6.95 MW
Per watt
0.3 GF/W

Figures are as last publicly reported for the configuration described below, not a live measurement. Where a system was upgraded in place, the post-upgrade configuration is shown and the earlier one appears in the timeline.

How it compares

Ranked against the other machines in this dataset that report the same figure: those that first came into service within two years of Jaguar, and those in USA. Computed from our tables; a metric is ranked only when at least eight peers report it.

MetricValueAgainst its eraAgainst its country
Rmax1.76 PFlop/s#4 of 136 · top 2%#154 of 332 · top 46%
Energy efficiency0.3 GF/W#45 of 84 · bottom 48%#144 of 162 · bottom 12%
Rmax ÷ Rpeak75.5 %#98 of 136 · bottom 29%#158 of 331 · top 48%
Power draw6,950 kW#2 of 86 · top 1%#9 of 171 · top 5%

Every metric is ranked largest-first, so a high power-draw rank means a big power draw, not a good one. Rmax ÷ Rpeak uses HPL-measured results only. Rankings move as machines are added; they describe this dataset, not the world.

What this machine is made of

One row per supplier relationship. “Supplier at build” is the company that shipped the part at the time; where that company has since been acquired, the parent it rolls up to today is shown beside it. That distinction is what makes ticker-level aggregation possible across a thirty-year dataset.

Role Part Supplier at build Quantity Confidence Source
Integrator -
Cray XT5-HE
 Cray
HPENYSE rolls up to Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Reported ornl.gov
CPU AMD Opteron 2435 (Istanbul)
CPUs
x86-64 · 6C · 2.6 GHz · 45 nm · 75 W
AMD Opteron six-core 2.6 GHz
 AMD
AMDNASDAQ
- Reported ornl.gov
Interconnect Cray SeaStar2+
Interconnect
3D torus · 9.6 GB/s per direction
Cray SeaStar2+
 Cray
HPENYSE rolls up to Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Verified ornl.govtop500.org
Storage Lustre
Storage
Parallel filesystem, separate metadata and object servers
Spider, Lustre
 Cray
HPENYSE rolls up to Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Reported ornl.govolcf.ornl.gov
Cooling Liquid-assisted air (in-cabinet coil)
Cooling
In-cabinet air, water-cooled coil · Roughly 20-45 kW per cabinet
Cray XT5 cabinet: liquid-assisted air
 Cray
HPENYSE rolls up to Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Reported ornl.govolcf.ornl.gov
Operating system Cray Linux Environment
Operating systems
Linux, Cray-customised · Proprietary layer over open-source Linux
Cray Linux Environment
 Cray
HPENYSE rolls up to Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- Reported ornl.gov

Engineering, funding and access

What Jaguar runs on, who paid for it and how people get time on it. Each line carries who said it and when.

Hardware

ItemDetailAs ofBasisSource
Total memory362 TBSystem memory across the XT5 and XT4 components at the November 2009 announcement.2009-11Operator statedornl.gov
Storage capacity10 PBSpider shared file system.2009-11Operator statedornl.gov
Interconnect and topologyCray SeaStar network interface and router; an InfiniBand network connects the XT5 and XT4 components2009-11Operator statedornl.gov

Software

ItemDetailAs ofBasisSource
Parallel filesystemLustre-based Spider shared file system, 10 PB, 284 GB/s I/O bandwidth2009-11Operator statedornl.gov

Funding

ItemDetailAs ofBasisSource
Funded byUS Department of Energy Office of Science2009-11Operator statedornl.gov
Funding programmeAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009 six-core upgrade)2009-11Operator statedornl.gov
Stated cost19.9 USD mCost of the 2009 XT5 upgrade only, funded under the Recovery Act; not the whole machine.2009-11Operator statedornl.gov

Results

ItemDetailAs ofBasisSource
Notable resultGE ran its largest-ever CFD calculation on Jaguar, its first unsteady turbomachinery study at that scale (2012)Accessed through ORNL's HPC Industrial Partnerships Program; GE later bought its own Cray system.2012-06Operator statedolcf.ornl.gov
Notable resultFirst place on the November 2009 TOP500 with 1.759 PFlop/s HPL on the XT5 component (2009)The XT4 component was 16th on the same list at 0.205 PFlop/s.2009-11Operator statedornl.gov

The read

CPU-only, Opteron-based, on Cray's SeaStar2+ torus. Notable mainly for what happened next: rather than being decommissioned it was rebuilt in place into Titan, making the Jaguar-to-Titan transition the first documented case of an accelerator generation displacing a CPU-only design at the top of the installed base. Cray was an independent public company at the time; HPE acquired it in 2019.

Timeline

  • 2005 Announced source
  • 2005 Jaguar entered service with a peak of 26 teraflop/s source
  • 2009-11 List debut at #1 (November 2009) source
  • 2009-11 First operational source
  • 2009-11 Announced at SC09 as the world's fastest supercomputer after the Cray XT5 reached 1.759 petaflop/s on HPL source
  • 2009-11 XT5 moved from quad-core to six-core AMD Istanbul processors (224,256 cores) in a USD 19.9 million Recovery Act upgrade source
  • 2012-10 Rebuilt in place as Titan: Opteron 6274 nodes with one NVIDIA K20X each source

Public list appearances

Pointers only: rank and edition, linking to the canonical entry. We do not reproduce list tables. See sourcing policy.

Site & facility

Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility

Location
Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Utility
Tennessee Valley Authority
Cooling
Direct liquid cooling (warm water)
Commissioned
1993

Where sources disagree

We record conflicts instead of picking a winner quietly. All open questions.

Nearby in scale

The machines closest to Jaguar by Rmax, smaller to larger.

  • CARA · Germany, operational · 1.75 PFlop/s
  • Quriosity (2017) · Germany, decommissioned · 1.75 PFlop/s
  • Tryton Plus · Poland, operational · 1.73 PFlop/s
  • G42 POD3 · United Arab Emirates, operational · 1.76 PFlop/s
  • RE1A (Flatiron) · USA, operational · 1.77 PFlop/s
  • Fermi · Italy, decommissioned · 1.79 PFlop/s

Same site

Same operator

Source check

We fetched this system's own citations and recorded whether each page actually mentions it. This is a corroboration signal, not a fact check, and it is published so you can see how well the sourcing holds up rather than take it on trust.

Cited sourceResultFound on the page
olcf.ornl.govnames system and partCray Linux Environment
ornl.govcould not be fetched-

Checked 2026-10-18 by pnpm verify. Re-run it and the table changes with the web.

Further reading

Power and cooling

Why air ran out at 20 kW a rack, how warm-water cooling removes the chillers, and what PUE conceals.

Inside a node

Latency-optimised versus throughput-optimised processors, NUMA, and the end of the host-to-device copy.

Operating a supercomputer

Acceptance testing, why "installed" and "in production" are six months apart, and the machine lifecycle.